Affirmitive Action Reverse Discrimination Free Essays

string(121) for 200 seats which implied that some certified understudies were dismissed to clear a path for less Baker 5 qualified minorities. Cook 1 Jennifer Baker Reverse Discrimination Even however subjugation has not been a piece of America for longer than a century at this point, racial segregation despite everything exists in different pieces of our way of life. A dubious arrangement known as governmental policy regarding minorities in society was acquainted in the 1960’s with attempt to advance racial equity in the public eye. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society should give minorities an equivalent possibility in life by requiring minority business, advancements, school acknowledgment, and so forth. We will compose a custom exposition test on Affirmitive Action: Reverse Discrimination or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now From the outset this seems like an ideal answer for racial separation, however as a general rule it is segregation in turn around. The term â€Å"affirmative action† was first utilized in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in an official request intended to empower racially blended work powers. He expressed that contractual workers should â€Å"take governmental policy regarding minorities in society to guarantee that candidates are utilized regardless of race, statement of faith, shading, or national source. † (Affirmative Action) Then in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed which restricted work separation dependent on race or sex. The Civil Rights activists kept on argueing that minorities weren’t going to have the option to rival the more qualified candidates in the wake of having languished segregation over so long. So in 1969 President Nixon made it a government strategy that a specific level of minorities must be recruited in the work environment. Rapidly agreed Baker 2 activity changed from being an approach that guaranteed equivalent chance to being one that gave uncalled for points of interest to minorities. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society has stayed questionable consistently, winding up all through the courts. One of the most celebrated cases was Fullilove versus Klutznick, which occurred in 1980. The decision expressed that saving 10 percent of the employing for minorities was sacred. Luckily in 1996 suggestion 209 was passed in California which finished governmental policy regarding minorities in society all through the state. This was certainly a discovery, yet the impacts of governmental policy regarding minorities in society despite everything wait. Numerous organizations companies despite everything offer inclination to minorities regardless of whether they are less qualified. Managers dread that claims will be recorded expressing that candidates were turned down as a result of their race. Famous creator and political extremist Nathan Glazer, has been against governmental policy regarding minorities in society since its start. Glazer accepts that the olicy became disputable when it went past the thoughts of the Civil Rights Act and began expecting businesses to enlist or advance a specific number of minority candidates or representatives. So as to ensure that governmental policy regarding minorities in society was occurring, bureaucratic courts began upholdin g â€Å"quotas† or â€Å"goals† for explicit quantities of minority employing. On the off chance that these were met, claims dependent on racial segregation would be less legitimate. Says Glazer, â€Å"Affirmative activity has gotten a matter of defining factual objectives or amounts by race for employment†¦ the desires for partial blindness that was Dough puncher 3 vital in the 1960’s has been supplanted by an inflexible casing of numerical necessities. †(Glazer, 6) Those who restrict amounts and objectives are supposed to be opposers of the Civil Rights Act, despite the fact that the governmental policy regarding minorities in society of today isn't what the Civil Rights Act exemplified. Glazer thinks about the distortion of the Civil Rights Act to the integration of schools. In 1954, the Supreme Court decided that isolated schools were illegal. The possibility of racially incorporated schools, as racially coordinated working environments, is a great one. Be that as it may, the integration of schools has made transporting a need. Transporting, in spite of the fact that not being used today, is when understudies are moved to another school for motivations behind racial incorporation. It is exorbitant to run all the transports and the driving is challenging for the understudies. Those restricting transporting are said to concur with the isolation of schools. (Glazer, 10) The integration of schools was likewise referenced in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. At first this appeared to be a reasonable proposition, however similarly as governmental policy regarding minorities in society got negative in the work environments, coordinating minorities in schools transformed into numerical necessities. Would you be able to envision transporting programs being utilized over the United States today? The alarming truth is that once one of these thoughts is received in one city, some other city would then be able to stick to this same pattern. For instance, if Santa Cruz County were allowed the option to require a 15 percent Hispanic understudy enlistment in every secondary school inside the district lines, some other city could likewise try this thought dependent on point of reference. The task of understudies Baker 4 dependent on race would cause an interminable stream of irate guardians. Luckily transporting is previously, however governmental policy regarding minorities in society despite everything has its hooks in the educational system. Half a month prior I was viewing an hour section about a white young lady who had recorded a claim against the University of Michigan asserting that they didn't acknowledge her in light of her race. She had moved on from secondary school with a high GPA and had given it her best shot to get equipped for acknowledgment, yet she was denied confirmation. Further examination demonstrated that the University of Michigan does in certainty concede understudies dependent on race. When understanding applications, they grant focuses as indicated by models. For instance, on the off chance that one composes a decent paper he is granted 1 point and on the off chance that he is a minority he is granted 20 focuses. Something is awry. Is being a minority is multiple times more significant than one’s insightful accomplishments? The University’s contention is that understudies learn better in a racially different condition. UC Davis is another model. In 1988 just 40 percent of Davis’ green bean class had been acknowledged exclusively based on merit. While whites or Asian-Americans required in any event a 3. 7 GPA in secondary school to be acknowledged, most minority candidates were acknowledged despite the fact that they satisfied a lot of lower guidelines. Sixty-six percent of the whites graduated while just twenty-seven percent of blacks did. Indeed, even as of late as 1997 one was bound to get acknowledged into UCLA in the event that he were dark or Hispanic than if he were white. The minority understudies had both lower GPA’s and grades. There were 5000 candidates for 200 seats which implied that some certified understudies were dismissed to clear a path for less Baker 5 qualified minorities. You read Affirmitive Action: Reverse Discrimination in class Papers (Chances of Admission) This doesn't seem like an equivalent society. In 1995 the University of California framework casted a ballot to end all governmental policy regarding minorities in society in confirmations. At the point when the progressions produced results in 1998, minority enlistment went down radically. This appears to be biased, yet in actuality it is reasonable and permits rivalry between the best, paying little mind to race. Everybody has an equivalent chance to get training. Government funded schools are free and it is obligatory that youngsters go to them. Any understudy can exploit their initial 12 years of instruction and win the GPA that will pick up them induction into a school. On the off chance that an understudy is naturally introduced to a poor family there are grants and understudy credits accessible. Malcom X is an ideal case of somebody deciding to ascend and get instruction. From the get-go in his life he settled on incautious decisions and wound up a pimp. At the point when he was gotten and tossed behind bars he chose to start instructing himself. The sum total of what he had was a word reference yet he utilized that word reference and duplicated down each page. He went from being an uneducated road pimp to an exceptionally powerful political pioneer. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society wasn’t around in Malcom’s time, yet today everyone thinks about it or has in any event heard the term utilized. The first occasion when I caught wind of governmental policy regarding minorities in society was the point at which my sibling originally began working at Ralph’s general store. There was a dark lady working there who was moderate and useless. One day my sibling asked a kindred worker for what good reason the woman didn’t lose her employment and he stated, â€Å"She’s here for governmental policy regarding minorities in society reasons. † It worked out that at whatever point the woman was planned for a move, another Baker 6 specialist was likewise booked just to compensate for the wastefulness of the dark woman. My brother’s supervisor dreaded a claim on the off chance that he terminated her. This is absurd! It is an expensive course of action and unjustifiable to the woman employed just to take up slack for somebody else’s lethargy. The approach of governmental policy regarding minorities in society essentially expresses that so as to have an incorporated society with equivalent open doors for all races, minorities must be given a favorable position to compensate for their impediments. This implies less qualified candidates are getting recruited and that understudies who don't meet the necessities for school affirmation are being acknowledged while qualified understudies are being dismissed, all dependent on race. The Constitution bans the rejection of minorities from anything dependent on shading, in this manner it is unlawful to bar whites dependent on similar standards. The exercise of extraordinary choices of the Supreme Court and the exercise of contemporary history have been the equivalent for in any event an age: separation based on race is illicit, improper, unlawful, intrinsically off-base, and damaging of popularity based society. †(Gross, 1) Affirmative activity is requesting that we disregard a ll that we’ve learned and even battled for. Since governmental policy regarding minorities in society is such an interesting issue and it influences our nation all in all, it’s imperative to know how the presidential competitors see this subject. VP Al Gore will in general kindness the strategy while Governor George Bush can't help contradicting it. Gore’s thought is â€Å"mend it, don’t end it. †(Al Gore) He says that governmental policy regarding minorities in society has done a great deal for

Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Essay

Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching - Essay Example The inquiry that looms over my brain at whatever point confronted with an absolutely new encounter is, ‘Am I prepared to take on the challenges?’ Without an answer, I for the most part continue to do what is asked, adhere to the standards, and trust in the best. Luckily, the methods for dealing with stress I apply have attempted to cause me to modify in time. Be that as it may, these systems, combined with a positive attitude, are not a confirmation to prevail in the college. There are abilities that I need to create so as to make it to the last occasion, the school graduation. Luckily, I am not the only one in confronting the difficulties of college life. The school, through its program, Introduction to Degree Studies (IDS) causes me to feel certain that help is accessible to worldwide understudies like me each time we need it. Steadily, the feelings of trepidation I had during the main seven day stretch of my examinations have changed into difficulties and later to und ertakings inferable from the taking in I picked up from the course. The requirements of another understudy, particularly a remote national, are not the same as the necessities of ordinary understudies. Customary understudies can adjust quicker to their condition notwithstanding being new to the college since they have emotionally supportive networks to manage them, for example, their family, companions, and network. Interestingly, remote understudies have nobody to go to in the midst of hardship. In spite of the fact that they can generally call up home or sign on the net to speak with their friends and family, it is as yet not equivalent to having their loved ones close to them particularly in the midst of hardship. This experience, notwithstanding the boundaries brought by language and culture, is aggravated by the battles outside understudies experience in adapting to class necessities. Considering the challenges that must be tended to by every understudy, IDS, with its objective of directing new understudies, is an astute exertion by the school. Through IDS, remote understudies are allowed to demonstrate their value and exceed expectations in scholastics. The qualities I picked up from going to IDS are vast. As a matter of first importance, the course has driven me to pick up experiences about myself as a student. The VARK appraisals done in the course have guided me to understand my learning potential and to improve my learning propensities. The activities educated me that I am a visual-sensation student. In light of this, I understood that I have a great deal to change about the manners in which I learn. My past learning propensities are not in accordance with being a visual-sensation student. Considering this, I have changed the manner in which I study, and make it a point presently to peruse my exercises while recording highlights simultaneously. Once in a while I utilized a whiteboard and a marker to write down my notes. Thusly, I get the opportunity to amplify my visual-sensation potential. By the by, I likewise attempt to build up my sound-related abilities by tuning in to some music or radio news before resting. Up until this point, this has helped me focus and imagine the words I hear even without seeing them. Besides, IDS has guided me to learn new abilities, which are similarly significant in college considers. One ability I improved with the assistance of IDS is my composing aptitude. Before, I never utilized a diagram to control my considerations recorded as a hard copy arrangements. I just composed whatever came up my psyche, and never tried to write down and arrange my thoughts before composing. Through IDS, I understood that all that I compose ought to be founded on a framework. There ought to be an appropriate presentation, body and end, or, more than likely the piece won't be viewed as a scholarly composition. The acquaintance arranges the perusers with the issue being handled in the content, while the end emphasize s the contentions introduced and gives the author’s separating message to tie up free endings.

Dearest grandmama

Dearest grandmama Hi all, I would like to share a story with you, a person who has been a source of inspiration to each and everyone of our family member.She is (was rather, she is no more) my grandmama. She was an affectionate woman who could win over anyone with her undying love, no matter what. Let me narrate to you, the story of her life, the trauma that no woman should ever undergo!She was the eldest of a family of 7 girls and 1 boy. Of these, 2 children died shortly after birth. Right now, only 2 of them are alive. At the age of 16, my grandma got married as a second wife to a 40 year old man. She lost her husband 1 year after her wedding. By Gods grace she had a son whom she considered a solace. But that didnt last, as the son passed away shortly too! Ultimately, by the age of 25 she lost her entire family! Nevertheless, she then dedicated her life towards the upbringing of each and every child in the family. This was the reason she was loved and respected by everyone in our family.Last year, by this same time, my marriage was fixed. Being the oldest grandchild in my family, she was very happy and said she would bring up my kid too! I was in tears and said of course you will have to! Shortly before my engagement, she had a fall one night when sleeping. It left her right hand fractured. There began all the trouble. She was 83 years old by then.At my engagement function, all she could do was sit quietly in one place. It was a hard hitting reality for all of us since we got used to seeing her doing the entire household chores all by herself!There was hardly a month left for my wedding. She developed a strange mental depression since that time, imagining things, fearing death, longing to see my wedding and the like. All of us assured her that she would be the first person to bless me at my wedding. But nature is inevitable as we all know.She was admitted in the ICU for nearly 20 days. All day we would stay at the hospital, praying for her. One fine day it happened-what we al l feared. She was no more, and left all of us teary-eyed.My dad was the eldest child in the family, so naturally he had to do the rites. But our family stopped him since I had my wedding the next month. We (me, dad, mum and sis) werent allowed to even see her face! Imagine our plight!At my wedding, her garlanded photo was in front of me and my husband. I was speechless, moved to tears. I knew, my dearest grandmama will bless me as ever!Even today, we dont feel her loss, I only feel why she isnt around to share our joys and sorrows.Id like to conclude by saying not only parents, grandparents need our affection and care! They are precious, do not lose them at any cost!!By visitor Shenba Srinivasan

Slavery in 19th Century America - Overview

Basic Vocabulary Youll Need to Go Shopping in France

If you are shopping in France, youll need to know the lingo. You could just stick with one shop or market, go in, pay and get out. But most of us do more than that in our search for the right product and the best bargain. You need to be able to read signs so that youre choosing the right shop, getting the best quality, ferreting out authentic bargains and speak intelligently with salespeople. Keep in mind that France (and most of Europe) may have megastores, but most people still shop at their local small shops in order to find the freshest, highest-quality products. So dont discount the words for specialty stores; you will need to know them. Shopping Vocabulary une à ©picerie  Ã‚  small grocery storele marchà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  farmers marketle supermarchà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  supermarketun hypermarchà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  superstore, giant supermarketla boucherie  Ã‚  butcher shopla boulangerie  Ã‚  bakeryla charcuterie  Ã‚  pork butchers shop and delicatessenla confiserie  Ã‚  candy storela crà ©merie, la laiterie  Ã‚  dairy  shopla fromagerie  Ã‚  cheese shople magasin de fruits et là ©gumes  Ã‚  greengrocerle marchand de vins  Ã‚  wine shopla pà ¢tisserie  Ã‚  pastry shopla poissonnerie  Ã‚  fish storela banque  Ã‚  bankla blanchisserie  Ã‚  laundryla  laverie automatique   laundromatla droguerie  Ã‚  drugstore / hardware storele grand magasin  Ã‚  department storele kiosque  Ã‚  newsstandle magasin de confection  femme/homme/enfants clothing store  for women, men, children;  magasin de và ªtements  Ã‚  clothing store in generalla pharmacie  Ã‚  pharmacyla poste  Ã‚  post officele pressing  Ã‚  dry cleanerla q uincaillerie  Ã‚  hardware storele tabac  Ã‚  tobacco shopfaire les courses  Ã‚  to do the  shopping [for essentials];  aller faire les courses to go shoppingfaire du shopping  Ã‚  to go shopping, to shop [for specific items such as shoes];  partir faire les magasins to go on a shopping trip/expeditionles soldes the sales; faire les soldes to shop the salesclient /  personne qui faire ses courses shopperà ªtre accro au shopping   to be a shopaholiccher  (chà ¨re) expensive; coà »ter cher   to be expensive  a bargain une affaire; a good bargain une bonne affaire;  bargain prices prix avantageuxmarchander to bargain, to haggle;  negocier, traiter avec quelquun to bargain with someoneheures  douverture business / shop hours  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expressions Related to Shopping Bon marchà ©:  can be translated as either inexpensive or cheap. Bon marchà ©Ã‚  can be both positive, indicating a reasonable price, and negative, insulting the products quality. Bon rapport qualità ©-prix:  The French expression  un bon rapport qualità ©-prix, sometimes written  un bon rapport qualità © / prix, indicates that the price of some product or service (a bottle of wine, car, restaurant, hotel) is more than fair. Youll often see it or a variation in reviews and promotional materials.  To talk about a better value, you can make the comparative or superlative form of bon, as in: un meilleur rapport qualità ©-prix   better valuele meilleur rapport qualità ©-prix  Ã‚  best value To say that something is not a good value, you can either negate the sentence or use an antonym: Ce nest pas un bon rapport qualità ©-prix. /  Ã‚  Il na pas un bon rapport qualità ©-prix.   Its not a good valueun mauvais rapport qualità ©-prix   poor valuele pire rapport qualità ©-prix   worst value While less common, its also possible to use a different adjective altogether, such as un rapport qualità ©-prix incroyable   amazing valueun rapport qualità ©-prix intà ©ressant   good valueun faible rapport qualità ©-prix   poor value Cest cadeau: is a casual, informal expression meaning  Its free. Its inexpensive. The underlying meaning is that  youre getting something extra that you werent expecting, like a freebie. It can be from a store, a boutique or a friend doing you a favor. It doesnt necessarily involve money. Note that Cest un cadeau with the article is a simple non-idiomatic, declarative sentence that means It is a gift. Noà «l malin: The informal French expression  Noà «l malin  refers to Christmas.  Malin means  something thats  shrewd or cunning. But this expression isn’t describing Christmas or the sales, but rather the consumer—the cunning consumer who is far too smart to pass up these amazing bargains. At least that’s the idea. When a store says  Noà «l malin, what they’re really saying is  Noà «l (pour le) malin (Christmas for the clever.) For example, Offres Noà «l malin Christmas offers [for the savvy shopper]   TTC: is an acronym that appears on receipts and it refers to the grand total that you owe for a given purchase. The initials TTC stand for  toutes taxes comprises  (all taxes included). TTC lets you know what you will actually be paying for a product or service. Most prices are quoted as TTC, but not all, so its essential to pay attention to the fine print. The opposite of  TTC  is  HT, which stands for  hors taxe; this is  the base price before the addition of the European Union-mandated  TVA  (value-added tax), which stands at 20 percent in France for most goods and services.

Ece 201 Free Essays

0Behavioral Support Plans Behavioral Support Plans ECE 201 Debra Lawrence Jan. 14, 2013 Behavior management plays an important role in early childhood education. Behavior management is important in early childhood education setting in order to develop and/or maintain some sort of order in the classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Ece 201 or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the most important reason to have behavior management and/or rules in the early childhood education setting is the safety of the students and yourself as well. A child’s behavior not only frustrates their teacher but their parents as well. That’s when behavior management steps in because the teacher or parent has to find a way to manage the child’s behavior. Communication between home and school keeps the focus on what the child needs in order to be successful in life. When dealing with behavior management with a troubled child you have to be consistent. In this paper I will describe the purpose of behavior management in early childhood education setting, discuss three strategies teachers may use to determine the function of challenging behaviors and design an individual support plan for each of the challenging behaviors, and summarize the role of the teacher in designing and implementing a classroom behavior plan. The purpose of the behavior management system is to provide teachers with a plan to keep order in their classrooms. Discipline, communication skills, and social skills are basis of an effective management system. An effective behavior management system provides an organized learning environment for students and reduces stress and burnout among teachers. Working with kids you have to keep a positive mind at all times. You can never take your mind off your students and teaching at no times. Behavior management provides children with assistance and tools they need in order to learn how to appropriately behave at home and in a classroom setting. Behavior management is there for the purpose of assisting children display proper behaviors that is needed in learning environment. Teachers do this by teaching children appropriate behaviors and social behaviors that are expected and acceptable, children will learn these behaviors and exercise them at home and school. Behavior management include all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable (Wikipedia. org). The overall purpose of behavior management is to assist young children in displaying behaviors that are conducive to learning and to teach social behaviors that are appropriate for home and school settings. Positive behavior training starts at home. If you began to train your kids at home from right and wrong then it affectively takes place at school. Sometimes it doesn’t always happen like that but if you let your children know that there will be repercussion then it will not be as bad. Developing strong behavior management skills in classroom skills is very important to bring forth to prevent burnout in the classroom. Most of the time student misconduct and teacher frustration with behavior issues often lead to work stress, job dissatisfaction, and loss of teachers as well as behavior problems with the students. Having behavior management in a classroom can keep teachers and their students on the same page. Behavior management has a huge impact on students along with their achievements and their will to learn. When a student has challenging behavior, it is the teacher’s role to help execute strategies to change and improve that behavior. Teachers should conduct a functional behavior assessment (FBA) as a first step in trying to understand why a student may be engaging in challenging behaviors. A FBA enables you to figure out the functions or purposes of the challenging behavior and to identify events in the environment that trigger and maintain it (Kaiser Raminsky, 2012). Three strategies that teachers may use to determine the functions of challenging by is providing. A functional behavioral assessment looks at problem behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors. Functional behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing cost effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior. Performing a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps: The A-B-C paradigm of behavior analysis can be very useful in determining behaviors that need to be modified in young children. A- Is the conditions of stimulus before the behavior occurs, also known as the antecedent. B- is the behavior or response to the stimulus. C- is the result for the behavior. Together A-B-C forms an approach to behavior management called A-B-A which stands for applied behavior analysis. A-B-A focuses on changing/modifying behaviors that are operationally defined and observable. Behaviors are formed through manipulation of the environmental factors. They can be changed by altering the environment. They can also be changed by altering the response to the behavior. The antecedent sets the stage for a specific response to occur, while the consequence changes the probablility that the behavior will increase and/or decrease in the future. Alberto and Troutman, 1999). A functional behavioral assessment looks at problem behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors. Functional behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing cost effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior (Walker,1995). Performing a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps: Defi ne the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior(s) and define it in observable terms. It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will measure. Make sure that when describing the child’s behavior(s) you are clear and specific 1. Define the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior(s) and 2. define it in observable terms. It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will measure. Make sure that when describing the child’s behavior(s) you are clear and specific. 3. Select and describe settings for observation. You should observe the behavior(s) in two or 4. three settings. The first setting is where the behavior first became a problem, one that is similar, and one that is quite different. Followed by where the behavior starts back up. Doing this will determine what is causing the problem behavior(s). You should always consider the environmental demands and/or the teacher’s expectations in each setting. This information could help provide an intervention plan for the child. (http://www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 3) Select the observation type, two types of observation are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative, is descriptive in nature. The observer begins with ideas about what will be observed and describes the behavior(s) that appears important. Quantitative, can be done only when the observer is watching what is happening. 4) Develop data collection procedures, can be collected using several different techniques. Documenting the frequency of the behavior(s) is important, the duration of the behavior(s), and the intensity of the behavior(s). If the behavior is not frequent a good solution might be event recording. Using a tally sheet helps to observe the child’s behavior continuously. Time interval is useful if the behavior(s) is done during a specific observation period. 5) Analyze the learning environment as it impacts child behavior(s), careful analysis of the physical environment can unveil information that is necessary to understand the underlying cause of a child’s behavior(s). 6) Interview others, a detailed interview allows individuals who have contact with the child the opportunity to review information about the child in more detail. These individuals can include nurses, other teachers, parents, siblings, and/or friends. ) Hypothesis of the behavior(s) function, the information gathered through child observation and/or interviewing others will be examined in this step to determine possible functions for the identified problem behavior(s). The function of the behavior(s) could be to obtain a desired outcome or to allow the child to avoid an undesirable outcome. http://www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 8) Develop a behavioral intervention plan, from the data gathered through observation, a clear description of the problem behavior(s) and perhaps patterns of the behavior(s) will form the basis for a plan. ttp://www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 Positive behavioral support (PBS) helps understand and resolves a behavioral problem that a child might be having that is based on values and research. It offers an approach to develop an understanding of why the child engages in problem behavior and strategies to prevent the occurrence of problem behavior while teaching the child new skills. Positive behavior support offers a holistic approach that considers all factors that have an impact on a child and the child’s behavior. It can be used to address problem behaviors that range from aggression, tantrums, and property destruction to social withdrawal (challengingbehavior. org). To successfully implement positive behavior supports {PBS), it is essential that each of the of the following six steps is followed in the designated order: Building a Behavior Support Team; Person-Centered Planning; Functional Behavioral Assessment; Hypothesis Development; Behavior Support Plan Development; and Monitoring Outcomes. Building a Behavior Support Team is getting the parents, teachers and others together to that mostly is involved with the child the most. Person-Centered Planning is responsible for bring everyone together for the best interest of the child. Functional Behavioral Assessment is involving collecting data and observing the behavior. Hypothesis Development is what is known that triggers the said behavior. Behavior Support Plan Development is to summarize the data gathered from the functional assessment process and come up with a plan. Monitoring Outcomes are monitoring the effectiveness of the behavior support plan. Monitoring includes measurement the changes of the problem behavior and the achievements and outcome. Summarize the role of the teacher in designing and implementing a classroom behavior plan (challengingbehavior. org). Teachers have big responsibilities in taking part in making the Behavior Plan successful. The teacher is the one who has to follow through and implement the plan and make it consistently every day. It is the teacher who has to push forward even when it appears things isn’t going as planned. The How to cite Ece 201, Essay examples

A.E. Housman Scholar and Poet Essay Example For Students

A.E. Housman: Scholar and Poet Essay Alfred Edward Housman, a classical scholar and poet, was born in Fockbury in the county of Worcestershire, England on March 26, 1859. His poems are variations on the themes of mortality and the miseries of human condition Magill 1411. Most of Housmans poems were written in the 1890s when he was under great psychological stress, which made the tone of his poems characteristically mournful and the mood dispirited Magill 1411. In the world of Housmans poetry, youth fades to dust, lovers are unfaithful, and death is the tranquil end of everything Magill 1412. Throughout his life, Housman faced many hardships. The loss of his mother at age 12 shattered his childhood and left him with tremendous feelings of loneliness, from which he never fully recovered. His father began to drink as a result of his mothers death and began a long slide into poverty. When Housman went to college, he had a deep and lasting friendship with Moses Jackson. He had developed a passionate attachment and fallen in love with him. When the relationship did not work out, Housman plunged into a suicidal gloom which was to persist at intervals for the rest of his life. His declaration that I have seldom written poetry unless I was rather out of health, seems to support the opinion that emotional trauma greatly influenced his work. The only way to relieve himself from this state of melancholy was by writing Magill 1409. As a result of Housmans poor childhood and misfortunes, he devoted most of his life to erudition and poetry. He was educated at Bromsgrove school and won a scholarship to Oxford University, where he studied classical literature and philosophy. After graduating from Oxford, he became a professor of Latin, first at University College and later at Cambridge University. He was a knowledgeable and scholarly individual who was fluent in five languages Magill 1405. Over a period of fifty years, Housman gave many enlightening lectures, wrote numerous critical papers and reviews, and three volumes of poetry. In all of his poetry, Housman continually returns to certain preferred themes. The most common theme discussed in the poems is time and the inevitability of death. He views time and aging as horrible processes and has the attitude that each day one lives is a day closer to death Cleanth Brooks stated, Time is, with Housman, always the enemy. The joy and beauty of life is darkened by the shadow of fast approaching death Discovering Authors 7. He often uses symbolism to express death, therefore the reader has to look into the true meaning of the poem to see its connection with death. Another frequent theme in Housmans poetry is the attitude that the universe is cruel and hostile, created by a god who has abandoned it. R. Kowalczyk summed up this common theme when he stated: Housmans poetic characters fail to find divine love in the universe. They confront the enormity of space and realize that they are victims of Natures blind forces. A number of Housmans lyrics scrutinize with cool, detached irony the impersonal universe, the vicious world in which man was placed to endure his fated existence Discovering Authors 8. Housman believed that God created our universe and left us in this unkind world to fend for ourselves. The majority of Housmans poems are short and simple. It is not difficult to analyze his writing or find the true meaning of his poems. However, the directness and simplicity of much of Housmans poetry were viewed as faults. Many critics view Housmans poetry as adolescent, thus he is considered a minor poet. The range of meter that Housman uses varies from four to sixteen syllables in length. John Macdonald claims What is remarkable about Housmans poetry is the amount and the sublety variation within a single stanza, and the almost uncanny felicity with which the stresses of the metrical pattern coincide with the normal accents of the sentence Discovering Authors 11. Housman uses monosyllabic and simple words in his poetry, but the words that he chooses to use fit together rhythmically and express the idea with a clear image. To express his vivid images Housman uses epithets, which are words or phrases that state a particular quality about someone or something English Tradition 1399. Housman uses epithets sparingly, but when he uses them they are creative and original: such phrases as light-leaved spring, the bluebells of the listless plain, and golden friends make his poetry decorative and filled with imagery British Writers 162. In 1896, A Shropshire Lad was published at the expense of Housman himself. At the time, it made little impression on the critics, but the public took to the bittersweet poems which were, according to Housmans own definition of poetry, more physical that intellectual Untermeyer 609. The poems in A Shropshire Lad, Housmans most famous collection of verse, are generally simple, brisk, written in precise language, and contain regular rhythms. The appealing, facile rhymes in his poems contrast sharply with his despondent themes, which reflect both the pessimism of the late Victorian age and the grief in his own life English Tradition 849. The collection of poems that went into A Shropshire Lad were first written because Housman felt compelled to express his emotions at this time. Many of his poems relate directly or indirectly to his desire for Moses Jackson. A variety of the poems include images that refer to the landscape, the changing of seasons, the blossoming of trees and flowers, youth fading away, and death. Other poems were written at moments of fierce anger and revolt about certain social injustices Hawkins 144. Five of his poems that display his harsh and morose feelings towards love and life are Loveliest of Trees, When the Lad for Longing Sighs, When I Was One-and-Twenty, Bredon Hill, and With Rue my Heart is Laden. In addition, numerous poems in A Shropshire Lad deal with insight and discovery. B. J. Leggett claims The poems show an ongoing structure which carries the persona from innocence to knowledge or from expectation to disillusionment. Most of these are found in the first half of the volume, which concentrates on the innocents encounter with the unfamiliar world of death and change Leggett 63. Compare the poems 'Out, Out' by Robert Frost and 'Mid Term Break' by Seamus Heaney EssayIt is always sold because the giver receives something in return, and what he receives consists of the sorrows of love which inevitably entails. The fancy can be free only by being kept Leggett 66. The speaker of the poem relates his age, two-and-twenty, with experience and knowledge. When the speaker stated tis true, tis true he came to the realization that the wise man was giving useful advice and that he should not have given his heart away after all. Another technique that Housman uses in his poetry is shift of tone and mood. Usually the poems begin in a blithe manner and end in a negative and dismal mood. One of Housmans poems that employs a shift in perspective is Bredon Hill . Housman also incorporates the love and death theme in this poem. In summertime on Bredon The bells sound so clear ; Round both the shires they ring them In steeples far and near, A happy noise to hear. Here of a Sunday morning My love and I would lie; And see the coloured counties, And hear the larks so high About us in the sky. The bells would ring to call her In valleys miles away: Come all to church, good people; Good people, come pray. But here my love would stay. And I would turn and answer Among the springtime thyme, Oh, peal upon our wedding, And we will hear the chime, And come to church in time. But when the snows at Christmas On Bredon top were strown, My love rose up so early And stole out unbeknown And went to church alone. They tolled the one bell only, Groom there was none to see, The mourners followed after, And s o to church went she, And would not wait for me. The bells they sound on Bredon, And still the steeples hum. Come all to church, good people,- Oh, Noisy bells, be dumb; I hear you, I will come. In stanzas one and two the speaker is explaining how him and his lover spend many of their Sunday mornings on Bredon Hill listening to the church bells ring through the valleys. The church bells put him in a cheerful mood and are pleasant to listen to. The third stanza suggests that the bells are summoning the woman to church, but instead of making it to the church on time she decides to stay with her lover Ricks 72. In the fourth stanza the speaker and his love view the church bells as wedding bells. He states And we will hear the chime, And come to church in time. He is suggesting that they will be at the church when it is time for them to get married. In the fifth and sixth stanzas the shift in tone and mood is apparent. His lover has died and went to church alone. Therefore, she has rose up so early and gone to the church before their time. The happy tone that was displayed in the beginning of the poem has transformed into a morbid and dark tone. It is rather obvious that his lo ver has died when the phrases such astolled one bell only, Groom there was none to see, and mourners followed after are used. When the speaker states And so to church went she, And would not wait for me, he makes her death seem willing. He uses would not wait instead of could not wait, as if her failure to wait for him were a matter of her own choice Ricks 73. Cleanth Brooks states He views the girls death as if it were an act of conscious will, as if he has been betrayed by his lover, who stole out unbeknown, to meet another suitor Leggett 64. In the last stanza the speaker notes that the bells are still ringing, but they now represent funeral bells. Cleanth Brooks claims: All come to death; he will come to the churchyard too; but now that his sweetheart has been stolen from him, what does is matter when he comes. the bells whose sound was once a happy noise to hear have become a needless and distracting noisiness. The lover shuts them up as he might the disturbing prattle of a child: Oh, noisy bells, be dumb; I hear you, I will come Ricks 73. Another recurring theme in Housmans poetry is the loss of youth and beauty. Housmans youths sometimes die into nature and become part of the natural surroundings Discovering Authors 8. The poem With Rue my Heart is Laden deals with the fading away of youth and beauty and their burial in nature. With rue my heart is laden For golden friends I had, For many a rose-lipped maiden And many a lightfoot lad. By brooks too broad for leaping The lightfoot boys are laid; The rose-lipped girls are sleeping In fields where roses fade. In the first stanza the speaker is explaining how his heart is full of sorrow because all of his friends that were once golden, youthful, and beautiful are all dead. The adjective rose-lipped maiden is describing the speakers lady friends that were attractive, youthful, and vibrant. The term lightfoot lad is describing the speakers male friends that were handsome, athletic, and strong. In the second stanza the speaker is describing how the lightfoot boys now lay next to the brooks to broad for leaping that they could once leap in their youth. The rose-lipped girls are now sleeping in the fields where roses fade. These fields used to be beautiful and alive like the maidens once were, but the fields are also getting old and fading away Discovering Authors 8. In his roles as a classical scholar and poet, Housman exhibited an unswerving integrity. While this integrity served him well in his classical endeavors, in his poetry it may have relegated him to a rank below that of the major poets of his age Discovering Authors 4. Housman never has been a fashionable poet, yet he continues to maintain an audience and his reputation remains steady. The melancholy and pessimism in Housmans poems capture the attention of readers and is perhaps the reason why his poetry is still read and studied today. A. E. Housman was a human figure whose life and career were often moving as well as extraordinary.

Analyse the concepts of social inclusion and exclusion The WritePass Journal

Analyse the concepts of social inclusion and exclusion Introduction Analyse the concepts of social inclusion and exclusion IntroductionREFERENCE LISTRelated Introduction The aim of this assignment is to critically analyse the concepts of social inclusion and exclusion and discuss how social exclusion has occurred in the chosen scenario of Feodor. Feodor’s needs will be identified in the care plan (refer to the appendix 1) and one need will be chosen and interventions to address or meet that need will be critically analysed. This assignment will critically analyse how mental health service could be improved with reference to Anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive perspectives in Feodor’s scenario. Feodor is a 31 year old man who was born in the Russian Federation. He served as a Russian soldier and saw active duty, in the 1994-6 Chechen war, during which time there was discrimination bombing and shelling of Chechen towns and villages. Feodor has stated that over 250, 000 people of the Russian federation were killed in Chechnya during the collapse of the Soviet Union ‘that was genocide’. He has referred to hostage situations in both Budennovsk and Beslan when hundred died. He has quoted the Russian Premier Putin as stating ‘that the war was over 3 years ago’, Feodor contends that the brutal conflict goes on unabated. As a soldier he say it is no surprise that they (The Russian Army) did what they did, the Chechens gave them no choice. So he has come to the UK seeking asylum, work, a better life, a chance to start again, to escape from the nightmares fear. He is now opposed to the conflict in Chechnya and has expressed his opposition to many people, som e of them with power and some from the army in senior positions in the Russian Federation; he believes that he may be at risk of retribution from the Russians and the Chechens. The Social exclusion unit (SEU 2004) defines social exclusion as shorthand for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as disabilities, unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environment, bad health and family breakdown. Sayce (2000) described it as the interlocking and mutually compounding problems of impairment, discrimination, diminishing social role, lack of economic and social participation and disability. Also Jermyn (2001) state social exclusion is complex multi-dimensional in the nature and can occur when various linked problems are experienced in combination. Among the factors at play are social status, jobless, lack of opportunities to establish a family, small or non-existent social network, compounding race and other discrimination, repeated rejection and consequent restriction of hope and expectations. Pierson (2002) suggested that social exclusion is a process that deprives individuals and families, groups and neighbourhoods of the resources required for participation in the social, economic and political activity of society as whole. This process is primarily a consequence of poverty and low income, but other factors such as discrimination, low educational attainment and depleted living environment also underpin it. Through this process people are cut off for a significant period in their lives from institutions and services, social networks and developmental opportunities that the great majority of a society enjoys. Dunn (1999) mentions that the largest UK inquiry into the social exclusion and mental health service users appears to take ‘social model of disability’ perspective and while it discusses social exclusion, the key problem it highlights is discrimination. It states that the inquiry panel receives strong and consistent evidence concerning the discrimination of people experiencing a direct result of their own mental health problems. The report also argues that this discrimination can occur in various areas of life. Especially within jobs and education, this makes mental health service users vulnerable to extreme exclusion from virtually every aspect of society. On the other hand, Repper and Perkins (2001) suggest that social inclusion requires equality of opportunity to access and participate in the rudimentary and fundamental functions of society, for example access to health care, employment, education good housing and ultimately recovery of status and meaning and reduced impact of disability. According to Department of Health (2009) social inclusion in mental health services is improved rights to access to the social and economic world. The new opportunities to recovery status and meaning have reduced the impact of disabilities. However (Bates, 2002) stated that everyone, including people who use mental health services, should be able to enjoy a good standard of health, develop their skills and abilities, earn a wage and live a life in the community in safety. Similarly, the National Service Framework Health Standard One (Department of Health, 1999b) demands that all people whose care is managed through the enhanced care programme approa ch should have a plan that addresses their needs for housing, education, employment and leisure. Within this framework, an inclusive mental health services will address basic standards of living issues. According to the Disability Discrimination Act (1995), and the establishment of the new Disability Rights Commission (2004). Social inclusive perspective, including within the antidiscrimination law, equality and human rights, social justices and citizenship, in addition to clinical perspective, it is from this point that pernicious nature of exclusion and the importance of social inclusion for people with mental health problems and those with intellectual disabilities can be most clearly appreciated. In this case Mental Health Professionals have a responsibility in helping people with mental health problems to make sure they become socially included and not socially excluded. In Feodor’s case mentioned earlier in the assignment that he came to UK seeking asylum, work, and better life. Refuges and asylum-seekers experience a higher incidence of mental distress than the wider population (Future Vision Coalition, 2009). The most common diagnose are trauma related psychological distress, depression and anxiety (Crowley, 2003). In which this is the case with Feodor, much of the distress experienced by him is strongly linked to the events that happened in his home town which have led to his departure. However distress occurs when you are unable to cope with pressure there is also strong evidence that Feodor’s mental distress is as a result of the difficult circumstances experienced in the UK. He was a victim of discrimination and social exclusion and this had very big impact on his mental state. Mental health policy (Department of Health, 2005) recognizes that refugees and asylum-seekers are particularly vulnerable and at risk group, however progr essively more restrictive UK asylum policies have had an increasing negative impact on mental health well being (Royal College of Psychiatry, 2007). Asylum-seekers who are unable to provide accommodation for themselves in UK have been sent to different parts of the country on no choice circumstances. This process does not take into account the community support networks, family of friends. However some of these areas in which dispersed asylum-seekers are housed in many cases are deprived areas with multiple social problems and little experience of diverse communities. This has often resulted in social tension and racism towards refuges and asylum-seekers like Feodor and they are much more often victims than the perpetrators of crime (Leff, and Warner, 2006). Refuge Media Action group (2006) states that accommodation provision for asylum-seekers have improved over the last few years but there are still concerns that it can be poor quality and unstable in some areas. Poor housing, as an immediate environmental stressor, therefore, plays a central role in the psychological well-being of residents both at an individual and community level. (The Acheson Report).   Asylum-seekers are prohibited from working or undertaking vocational training and currently receive at around 50% of income support, which has been cut from  £42,16 to  £35,13 a week compared to  £67,50 a week for those on employment support allowance and some are being given vouchers instead of cash (Mind, 2009). As a result many are living in poverty they are deprived of the important integration opportunities which employment can provide (Bloch, 2002). However (Leff, and Warner, 2006) suggested that the working environment offers the opportunity of making friends, gives a structure to the day, increases the person’s self-esteem, and provides an income especially for men like Feodor. Asylum-seekers do not have access to learning opportunities, learning is central to economic success and social cohesion. Feodor was disadvantaged educationally, economically and socially. One problem that will be addressed from the care plan that has great impact on Feodor’s is employment. Unemployment is both a key characteristic and a primary economic cause of exclusion and is linked with poverty, social isolation and loss of status and significantly increase disability and impedes recovery (Percy- smith 2000). It reduces opportunities for good life which lead to social exclusion as people cannot afford the basic necessities, decent food, clothing, holidays and social activities. It has been linked with increased general health and mental health problems (Repper and Perkins, 2003) which means that as long as Feodor remains unemployed he will be socially deprived. Asylum-seekers like Feodor are prohibited from working whilst waiting for a final decision on their asylum claim, but finding work is their main priority just after granted status (Bloch, 2002). For this reason the mental health services could be improving with reference to anti-oppressive and discri mination by assisting Feodor to find voluntary work as short term goal, volunteering for charities or community organisation. Voluntary work will help Feodor with the opportunity to grow in confidence, reduce his own social isolation and increase opportunities to improve language skills; it also contribute to career development and work experience (Refugee Council Online). Voluntary will also provide some evidence of motivation to prospective employers, enhancing job-readiness and prevent going rusty. It also provides opportunity for Feodor to become familiar with other local services, gain experiences of working practices in the UK hence help him to integrate in the society. Feodor does not have the right to get paid job, but voluntary work and study will help him to prepare for employment and alleviate the stress of his situation. (Sainsbury Centre, 2008). Even though this might not change his situation much since there is no income that comes under voluntary work. Paid work is th e only route for Feodor to sustained financial independence, (Askonas and Stewart, 2000) work is an important element of the human condition, it helps fulfil our aspiration-it is a key to independence, self-respect and opportunities for advancement. The other things what the mental health service need to do for Feodor is to refer him to vocational rehabilitation for vocational training. Vocational rehabilitation is a process of interventions whereby people with mental health problems or disabilities like Feodor can build up individual capacity to enable himself to the best he can be, achieving better work related outcomes (Waddell et al, 2008). Access to vocational training and education system is crucial for migrants to enable them to adapt their skills and qualifications to the labour market requirement of receiving countries. These services will offer Feodor opportunity to develop confidence, resilience and work skills. Vocational rehabilitation programmes have a greater emphasis on work skills development and on progression towards employment. Employment has been identified as a primary factor in the integration of migrants’ life Feodor into UK (Phillimore et al, 2006). Research also shows that employment is good for our physical and mental health (Waddell and Burton, 2006).   Unemployment can damage our health and lead to a range of social problems such as debt and social isolation (Black, 2008). Inability to provide for yourself or to contribute to the society can have negative impact on self esteem, confidence and mental health especially for men like Feodor (Mind, 2009). Being in employment and maintaining social contacts can improve Feodor’s mental health prevent suicide and reduces his reliance on mental health services (SEU, 2004). Employment can also improve Feodor’s quality of life and well being, reduces his social exclusion and poverty (Waddell and Burton, 2006). As stated earlier by (Askonas and Stewart, 2000) that work is an important element of the human condition, it helps fulfil our aspiration-it is a key to independence, self-respect and opportunities for advancement. Employment has a central role in most people’s lives offering beyond that of income but still there are very large and growing numbers of people with mental health illness who are out of work, most of whom want to work (Bond, 2006). They cannot get a job if they have or have had a mental health problem because of the discrimination by employers. This goes on even though it is illegal under the Disability Discrimination Act. A socially inclusion approach includes recovery-oriented practice, an emphasis on social outcomes and participation, and attention to the rights of people with mental ill health, as well as to citizenship, equality and justice, and stigma and discrimination. (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009). Genuine social inclusion can only be achieved by valuing the contribution people can make to society. Because somebody has mental health problems does not mean that he or she can not make a contribution to the community. People need to be given information, choice and freedom and the opportunity to make decisions for themselves. Within the professional service, it is important that staff develop an awareness that different individuals have different needs, and service users should be involved in the care. The Department of Health (2000) states that patients should not be seen as mere recipient of care, but should be empowered to work in partnership with their health and social providers. In helping people to build their lives, mental health workers need to address social inclusion at both ethnos and demos (Repper and Perkins, 2003). People need to participate in and feel part of the community in which they live and more likely to be able to take part if the have a right to those things that are valued in their community such as decent housing and job. Social inclusion is not treatment or care alone, this means identifying, recovery and social inclusion as explicit goals and taking the opportunity of policy initiatives both within and outside the mental health arena to work for the reduction of discrimination against service users. The complementary concepts of inclusion and their application to mental health practice, provide a significant new basis for common between multi-disciplinary team and service users. To conclude Mental Health does not exist in isolation a good Mental Health is linked to good physical health and is fundamental to achieve improved education attainment, increased employment opportunities, reduce exclusion and criminality and social participation. REFERENCE LIST BATES, P. (2002). Working for inclusion. London, Sainsbury for mental health Publication. BLOCH, A. (2002). Refugees, opportunities and barriers in employment and training. Department for Work and Pension, Research Report 179. Leeds: Corporate Document Services. BOND, G. R. (2006). Supported Employment: evidence for an evidence-based practice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Journal 27, pp. 345-360. CROWLEY, P. (2003). An Exploration of Mental Health Needs of Asylum-seekers in Newcastle, The Tyne, Wear and Northumberland Asylum-seeker health group. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (2000). The expert patient. London: The stationery office. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (2005). Delivering race equality in mental health care: An action plan for reform inside and outside services and the Government’s response to the independent inquiry into the death of David Bennett. Department of Heath (1999) National Service Framework for Mental Health: DH Department of Health (July 2009) New Horizons: Towards a shared vision for mental health consultation: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/consultations/liveconsultations/dh_103144 Disability Discrimination Act (1995) Meaning of â€Å"discrimination†. Accessed at: legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/50/section/20 Disability Rights Commission (2004) ‘The Web: Access and inclusion for disabled people’, at: http://joeclark.org/dossiers/DRC-GB.html Dunn, S. (199) Creating Accepting Communities: Report of the Mind Enquiry into Social Exclusion and Mental Health problems. Mind FUTURE VISION COALITION (2009). A future vision for mental health. London. The stationery office. LEFF, J and WARNER, R. (2006) Social Inclusion of People with Mental Illness. PERCY-SMITH, J. (2000). Policy Responses to Social Exclusion: Towards Inclusion? Open University Press. Maidenhead. PIERSON, J. (2002) Tackling social exclusion. PHILLIMORE, J., ERGUN, E., GOODSON, L. and HENNESSY, D. (2006). Employability initiatives for refugees in Europe: Looking at, and learning from, good practice. Report for Equal and the Home Office. Birmingham: Centre for Urban and Regional studies, University of Birmingham. REFUGEE COUNCIL ONLINE: Volunteering in Leeds. REFUGEE MEDIA ACTION (2006). Seeking asylum: a report on the living conditions of asylum-seekers in London, Migrants Resource Centre. REPPER, J. and PERKINS, R. (2001). Voting as a means social inclusion for people with mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 9, pp. 697-703. REPPER, J. and PERKINS, R. (2003) Social Inclusion and Recovery: A Model for Mental Health Practice. Bailliere Tindall Elsevier Science Limited. ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRY, (2007). Improving the lives of people affected by mental illness. ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS, (April 2009). Approved by the Central Policy Coordination Committee of the Royal College of Psychiatrists at: rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/social%20inclusion%20position%20statement09.pdf SAYCE, L. (2000). Psychiatric patient to citizen. Overcoming Discrimination and social exclusion. London Macmillan. SAINSBURY CENTRE (2008). Briefing 35: Employment support, mental health and black and minority ethnic communities. London: Sainsbury centre for mental health. SOCIAL EXCLUSION UNIT (2004). Mental Health and Social Exclusion. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. SOCIAL INCLUSION Possibilities and Tensions, (2000). Edited by: PETER, ASKONAS and ANGUS, STEWART. The Acheson Report. (November 1998) Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health. WADDELL, G., BURTON, K. and KENDALL, N. (2008). Vocational Rehabilitation- what works, for whom and when? London: TSO.

Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Example

Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Example Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Families And Sibling Abuse Understanding The Unthinkable Social Work Essay Abuse, whether it be physical, emotional, or sexual, can infiltrate a household scene and change the kineticss greatly. Within a household there are different relationships and bonds, and each one of those relationships may hold a different motivation and signifier of maltreatment within it. A type of maltreatment within a household that does non have much attending from society is abuse by siblings. In general, maltreatment within a household is thought of as a parent mistreating a kid and asseverating their authorization in such a manner, but the affair of maltreatment by a sibling is besides really of import to understand and there are many deductions of such maltreatment. This research paper will turn to the importance of sibling relationships to farther understand the deductions that come about from maltreatment within them, what healthy sibling relationships should look like, the commonalty of different relationships of siblings holding incest, types of household constellations where sibling maltreatment is present, and the interventions of siblings that maltreatment and are victims of maltreatment. Four articles will be used to understand the issue, Sibling Family Practices: Guidelines for Healthy Boundaries ( 2009 ) , Sibling Incest: Reports from Forty-one Survivors ( 2006 ) , Making Sense of Maltreatment: Case Studies in Sibling Incest ( 2006 ) , and Treating Sibling Abuse Families ( 2005 ) . Maltreatment is a really powerful word that comes with many intensions. The existent definition of maltreatment has jobs with it because it is non universally accepted and the perceptual experiences of maltreatment from single to single vary greatly. Everyone has their ain personal sentiment on what maltreatment consists of and in general it is typically thought of as doing injury to another individual. Abuse is an issue that has many crossing factors and many beds that are rooted deep in relationships. One type of maltreatment that is of great importance, as are the others, is sibling maltreatment. Sibling maltreatment is abuse that is perpetrated by one sibling to another and may be physical maltreatment or sexual maltreatment, known as incest. The importance of this type of maltreatment is that it is non given much attending in society and it is hard to grok. Society does non acknowledge sibling abuse every bit easy as it will acknowledge maltreatment between intimate spouses or e ven abuse between parents and their kids. Due to the deficiency of consciousness it is really of import to understand what a healthy sibling relationship is, instances of sibling maltreatment, and interventions of the siblings. By looking at four articles, a position of the issue will come into focal point and some visible radiation will be shed on the issue of sibling maltreatment. : In Johnson, Huang, and Simpson s research, Sibling Family Practices: Guidelines for Healthy Boundaries, ( 2009 ) studies help reason what is socially acceptable and what is non within a household. The study was taken of five 100 people and their sentiments by and large corresponded. The research showed that when it came to hygiene, bathing together is acceptable for kids younger than five if they are of the same gender. If the kids are of different genders, the research shows that it is acceptable for kids younger than four to bathe together. Showering is a similar issue, being acceptable for same gendered siblings that are younger than six and acceptable for different gendered siblings younger than four and a half old ages. The information besides reflects grownups sentiments sing fondness, with the statistics on snoging being 37 % stating siblings should neer snog on the oral cavity and 23 % of people stating they should snog at all ages. ( Johnson, Huang, Simpson, 2009 ) . Hu gging is widely accepted between siblings. Caffaro and Caffaro reference healthy sibling development in Treating Sibling Abuse Families ( 2005 ) . Caffaro and Caffaro lend a expression at the development of sibling relationships, explicating that sibling ties begin in childhood with parents composing the book. ( Caffaro A ; Caffaro, 2005 ) . It is common for parents to delegate functions for their kids without actively intending to make so. Siblings are frequently raised being in a natural competition with their sibling and seeking to populate up to the label that has been placed upon them by their parents. An illustration would be labeling a kid as the smart 1 and their sibling as the polite 1 . These two kids would vie against each other to maintain their rubric from the other and would besides endeavor to keep their rubric, organizing it into their self-identity. Carlson, Maciol, and Schneider conducted research in Sibling Incest: Reports from Forty-one Survivors ( 2006 ) in order to acquire a concise image of sibling sexual maltreatment. The research was conducted utilizing 34 adult females and seven work forces and the bulk of the 41 participants were of white. The survey decisions found that three of the males initiated sexual behaviour with their sisters and the other work forces were victims of sibling incest that was brought on by brothers of theirs. Four adult females of the survey were victims of sibling incest because of their sisters and the other 30 adult females were sexually abused by brothers. The research from this article clearly shows that males are the most common culprits of sibling incest and adult females are more likely to be the victims, but work forces are besides sometimes the victims of sibling maltreatment brought on by brothers. Matching with this information, Caffaro and Caffaro found that 63 per centum of the a dult females in their survey were victims of incest due to their brothers sexual assault. In contrast to the anterior survey, Treating Sibling Abuse Families ( 2009 ) found that the 2nd most common signifier of sibling incest is from one brother to another, the following most common being sisters sexually mistreating their brothers, and the least common signifier being sisters sexually mistreating their sisters. ( Caffaro A ; Caffaro, 2005 ) . As discussed earlier, it is hard for society to see all of these instances as maltreatment and incest because of the troubles there are in specifying maltreatment and there are besides different positions between households of what is acceptable and normal. In Making Sense of Abuse: Case Studies in Sibling Incest ( 2006 ) , Bass, Taylor, Knudson-Martin, and Huenergardt discuss the possibility of maltreatment being seen as normal within a household. The research done in the article is instance surveies that follow two Latin American households where sibling incest was present. One of the households viewed abuse as normal and used secretiveness as a manner to keep the maltreatment. Besides, the household did non see outside systems as positive and held the sentiment that the systems were occupying their personal lives. The 2nd household in the research differed from the first in the manner that they viewed maltreatment as a error and unacceptable and they used secretiveness to protec t instead than perpetuate maltreatment. The 2nd household besides differed in seeing outside systems and legitimate and, although the systems caused some adversities, they saw them as appropriate and non intrusive as the first had. ( Bass, Taylor, Knudson-Martin, Huenergardt, 2006 ) . Treatment for sibling maltreatment may get down with what is referred to as a Sibling Abuse Interview, or SAI for short. ( Caffaro A ; Caffaro, 2005 ) . The SAI maps by inquiring inquiries of all household members about the relationships that are presently between the siblings and besides the history of those relationships. The SAI asks inquiries that trade with maltreatment and injury and besides points out countries of household resiliency. Treatment is normally similar to intervention of other signifiers of maltreatment, but the therapy is somewhat modified. There are two different positions when it comes to sexual maltreatment of kids and they are the Child Protection Movement and the Feminist Movement. The Child Protection Movement holds the doctrine that the kid victim is the most of import at that clip and that the full household is responsible for protecting that kid and supplying them safety. The ultimate end of the Child Protective Movement is to reunite the household with a healthier manner of life. The Feminist Movement favours advocacy over all others. This position feels that it is necessary and most good for the victim to hold an advocator on their side that is determined to set up protection for that kid in the present and the hereafter as good. The Feminist Movement supports household rapprochement, but it does non keep it as a top precedence. ( Crosson-Tower, 2010 ) . These two theories produce different signifiers of intervention and have different schemes for handling the victims of incest. Both hold the victim s protection above all else but they differ in footings of what is best for the kid, whether it be healthy household patterns or protagonism for the victim. The four surveies discussed aid to give a wide apprehension of sibling incest, from the healthy sibling relationships that are used as footing, what sibling incest can be interpreted as in footings of common types, household influences on sibling incest sing their mentalities, to the intervention and results of sibling incest. The surveies were mostly consistent and all painted images that corresponded with one another. There were some minor disagreements in findings, such as the commonalty of different signifiers of sibling incest, but in general the larger messages were all the same. The deductions of the research presented is a better consciousness of sibling incest and the ability to acknowledge ruddy flags when they are present. Sibling incest is more outstanding than society likes to believe and without understanding sibling incest, it is hard to forestall it from go oning. With understanding, household constructions that allow for incest can be recognized and sibling incest ca n hopefully be diminished.

Evidence based practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evidence based practice - Assignment Example In addition, through literature review McMillan and Small (2007) obtained various information and concepts regarding creation or development of a better research design. McMillan and Small (2007) describe the research design as a three-group comparative design with repeated measures in a bid to attaining their objective whilst answering the main research question. In their bid to obtaining sufficient data, McMillan and Small (2007) confirm that their research design is a clinical trial. Participants were drawn from a large non hospice in which the researchers claimed that patients received proper home care. McMillan and Small (2007) used an experimental study to obtain sufficient data to find answers to the research question. Experimental study engages different researchers in obtaining sufficient data to make proper conclusions on the subject of discussion. The evidence showing that this journal is a peer-reviewed article is the indication that after about 6 to 8 weeks editorial committee of the journal engages in serious review of the articles produced. The journal of Oncology of Nursing has an editorial committee headed by Susan Moore. This editorial committee ensures that there is a production of the articles or journal twice every month. 7) Is there evidence of any conflict of interest that might introduce bias into the way the study is designed, or the way the results are viewed? Do the authors have any potential financial gain from the results of this study? From the article, there is no evidence of conflict of interest between the authors. This is because each author of the article is determined to obtaining the research objectives and answering the research questions. Therefore, there will be little room for the tow authors to have a conflict of interest. The authors have possibility of obtaining financial gain from sale of the journals containing their

Critical analysis related to the care of critically ill patients Essay

Critical analysis related to the care of critically ill patients requiring high dependency care - Essay Example The 3 basic roles of a nurse are that of a practitioner, leader and researcher. As a practitioner, the nurse attends to all the medical needs of the patient and as a leader she takes decisions which relate to, influence and facilitate the actions of others with an aim to achieve a particular goal. As a researcher, the nurse aims to implement studies to determine the actual effects of nursing care and to work towards further improvement in nursing care (Nettina, 2006). The aim of this essay is to analyze and criticize the management and care of a 55 year old patient Mr. X, diagnosed with myocardial infarction. The name of the patient shall not be disclosed through out the essay for the purpose of confidentiality. Mr. X was brought to the casualty on a Saturday afternoon by his wife with complaints of tightness in the chest, difficulty to breathe, and sweating for 10 minutes. There was no radiation of pain. The discomfort started suddenly while Mr. X was watching television. No physical activity triggered the symptoms. Mr. X did not experience similar complaints in the past. He was a known hypertensive and smoker. For his hypertension he was taking a combination of beta-blocker and ACE inhibitor. His previous health check-up 2 months ago showed normal sugars and mild hypercholesterolemia. ECG done at that time was normal and ECHO revealed mild left ventricular hypertrophy. In the emergency room, Mr. X appeared pale and diaphoretic. He was sweating despite cold weather. Pulse rate was 100 per minute, regular and not with good volume. Blood pressure was 160/100 mmHg. Perfusion was moderate. Saturations were 90%. Spot blood glucose was 120 mg per dl. Third heart sound was present and rales were heard over the basal regions of the lungs. Other systems examination was normal. ECG done in the casualty showed ST segment elevation abnormalities in the II, III and aVF leads. A diagnosis of inferior wall infarction was made. Diagnosing myocardial infarction is

The History Of The Bionic Eye

The History Of The Bionic Eye Here, we present a description of a block scheme, specific features of design and results of testing for a prototype of a bionic eye, types of them and its applications. The bionic eye is intended to provide vision, partially to the visually impaired by use of the modern day electronics devices like CCD cameras. The comprises a computer chip that sits in the back of the individuals eye, linked up to a mini video camera built into glasses that they wear. Images captured by the camera are beamed to the chip, which translates them into impulses that the brain can interpret. Although the images produced by the artificial eye were far from perfect, they could be clear enough to allow someone who is otherwise blind to recognize faces. The paper discusses the differences working methodologies used in each of them. During the tests and the clinical trails, this device made six blind people to regain their vision partially. The potential advantage of using bionic eye is to be able to remove t he blindness completely by making the advances in the present research and improving manufacturing technologies. This break through is likely to benefit approximately one crore world population who suffer from the most common causes of blindness, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration. The implant bypasses the diseased cells in the retina and stimulates the remaining viable cells. This is a revolutionary piece of technology and really has the potential to change peoples lives. But we need to be aware it is still some way in the future. INTRODUCTION A Bionic Eye is a device, which acts as an artificial eye. It is a broad term for the entire electronics system consisting of the image sensors, processors, radio transmitters receivers, and the retinal chip. Based on the institute developed these devices are developed but with minor to major differences, of these the devices with functional capability and those which are clinically tested and results proved are discussed here. Here the designers objective is to go for a system that is technically perfect with no loop holes and that is harmless to the human body which receives the system and that is commercially viable both in terms of ease of manufacture, cost and the process of implanting. Blindness means loss of vision. Rods and Cones, millions of them are in the back of every healthy human eye. They are biological solar cells in the retina that convert light to electrical impulses impulses that travel along the optic nerve to the brain where images are formed. Without them, eyes lose the capacity to see, and are declared blind. Degenerative retinal diseases result in death of photoreceptorsrod-shaped cells at the retinas periphery responsible for night vision and cone-shaped cells at its center responsible for color vision. Worldwide, 1.5 million people suffer from retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the leading cause of inherited blindness. In the Western world, agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of vision loss in people over age 65, and the issue is becoming more critical as the population ages. Each year, 700,000 people are diagnosed with AMD, with 10 percent becoming legally blind, defined by 20/400 vision. Many AMD patients retain some degree of peripheral vision. Currently, there is no effective treatment for most patients with AMD and RP, the researchers say . However, if one could bypass the photoreceptors and directly stimulate the inner retina with visual signals, one might be able to restore some degree of sight. Need for the BIONIC EYE: It has been shown that electric stimulation of retinal neurons can produce perception of light in patients suffering from retinal degeneration. Using this property the eye and make uses of the functional cells to retain the vision with the help of electronic devices that assist this cells in performing the task of vision, we can make these lakhs of people get back their vision at least artially. A design of an optoelectronic retinal prosthesis system that can stimulate the retina with resolution corresponding to a visual acuity of 20/80-sharp enough to orient yourself toward objects, recognize faces, read large fonts, watch TV and, perhaps most important, lead an independent life. The researchers hope their device may someday bring artificial vision to those blind due to retinal degeneration. BIONIC EYE DEFINED: Bionic Eye, Bio Electronic eye, is a device that can provide sight the detection of light. It replaces the functionality of a part or whole of eye. it is used to replace functionality as well as add functionality. It is a complex combination of multiple devices which work together for restoration of the vision of the subject. The Diseases that cause blindness:  Ã‚ ® Retinitis Pigmentosa  Ã‚ ® Macular Degeneration Of these, retinitis pigmentosa is a disease, which is a hereditary genetic disease in which peripheral rods degenerate gradually progresses towards center of eye and results in tunnel vision. As for macular degeneration, it is also genetically related , it degenerates cones in macula region, causing damage to central vision but spares peripheral retina. MIT- HARVARD DEVICE: This device follows an Epi-Retinal Approach. In this Microelectrode array replaces damaged photoreceptors, which act in the place of rods and cones to send the signals to optic nerve. The power source Laser(820nm wavelength). For image acquisition it uses a CCD Camera. Patient spectacle holds the camera and power source. It consists of two systems, system-1 which senses and transmits image and power and other system which stimulates the cells, there by making brain visualize the image. System 1:  Ã‚ ® CCD camera input External light intensity  Ã‚ ® CCD output amplitude-modulates laser source  Ã‚ ® This hits photodiode array of implant  Ã‚ ® This in turn powers stimulator chip (SC) System 2:  Ã‚ ® SC drives current to electrodes facing retina  Ã‚ ® This excites the ganglionic cells > axons > optic nerve > visual cortex in occipital lobe of brain  Ã‚ ® Brain helps in perceiving an image Advantages:  Ã‚ ® Very Early in the visual pathway  Ã‚ ® No Batteries implanted within body  Ã‚ ® No complicated surgical procedure  Ã‚ ® Power Requirement  ¼ of milliwatt Disadvantages  Ã‚ ® Axons b/w electrodes and ganglionic cells  Ã‚ ® Other axons get excited unwanted perception of large blur  Ã‚ ® Extra circuitry required for downstream electrical input Artificial Retina Prosthesis using ASR (Artificial Silicon Retina) ASR is a solid state biocompatible chip which contains an array of photo receptors, and is implanted to replace the functionality of the defective photoreceptors .Current generated by the device in response to light stimulation will alter the membrane potential of the overlying neurons and thereby activate Visual ensationsthoerv iPsuhaolsspyhsetenmes. can be evoked by electrical stimulation of the different levels of the visual pathway. Phosphenes are evoked by the stimulation of the eyeball or the visual cortex. Artificial vision created by the controlled electric stimulation of the retina has color.  Ã‚ ® Epiretinal Approach involves a semiconductor based device positioned on the surface of the retina to try to simulate the remaining overlying cells  Ã‚ ® Sfutbhreerteintianla A pproach involves implanting the ASR chip behind the retina to simulate the remaining viable cells. IMPLANT DESIGN: Primitive devices Single photosensitive pixel(3mm in diameter) Neo devices The current micro photodiode array (MPA) is comprised of a regular array of individual hotodiode subunits, each approximately 20ÃÆ'-20-ÃŽÂ ¼m square and separated by 10-ÃŽÂ ¼m channel stops (37). The resulting micro photodiode density is approximately 1,100/m2. IMPLANT features The size of implant is 50um. And it needs no external power supply. The response 500nm to 1100nm wavelength response. Working: For the technique to work, the patient must still have some functioning ganglion cells nerve cells that transmit visual information from the retinal cells to the optic nerve as well as a fully-functioning optic nerve. A tiny electronic pad is placed onto the retina of one eye, so that the electrodes are in direct contact with the ganglion cells. Each of the devices 100 electrodes can stimulate 20 to 30 cells. Real-time vision: The user wears a pair of glasses that contain a miniature camera and that wirelessly transmits video to a cellphone-sized computer in the wearers pocket. This computer processes the image information and wirelessly transmits it to a tiny electronic receiver implanted in the wearers head. When received in the implanted chip, the digital information is transformed into electrical impulses sent into the ganglion cells. From there, the brain takes over as the information travels down the optic nerve to the visual cortex at the back of the brain. The whole process occurs extremely rapidly, so that patients see in real-time. This is important any noticeable lag could stimulate the vestibular-ocular reflex, making people feel dizzy and sick. Currently recipients of the device experience a relatively narrow view, but more electrodes should provide a greater field of vision. By stimulating more ganglion cells, he hopes that visual acuity will increase dramatically. His teams next goal is to design a device with 1000 electrodes. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: Implants are comprised of a doped and ion-implanted silicon substrate disk to produce a PiN (positive-intrinsic-negative) junction. Fabrication begins with a 7.6-cm diameter semiconductor grade N-type silicon wafer. For the MPA device, a photomask is used to ion-implant shallow P+ doped wells into the front surface of the wafer, separated by channel stops in a pattern of individual micro photodiodes. An intrinsic layer automatically forms at the boundary between the P+-doped wells and the N-type substrate of the wafer. The back of the wafer is then ion-implanted to produce a N+ surface. Thereafter, an insulating layer of silicon nitrate is deposited on the front of the wafer, covering the entire surface except for the well openings. A thin adhesion layer, of chromium or titanium, is then deposited over the P+ and N+ layers. A transparent electrode layer of gold, iridium/iridium oxide, or platinum, is deposited on the front well side, and on the background side. In its simplest form, the photodiode and electrode layers are the same size. However, increasing the photodiode collector to electrode area ratio can increase the current density available at each individual micro photodiode subunit. Post Implant function and Inference.  Ã‚ ®Measurement procedure  Ã‚ ® IR stimulation at 940nm on the ASR chip  Ã‚ ® Recorded at the corneal surface using contact lens electrode  Ã‚ ® Comparison of responses of gold, platinum and iridium electrodes  Ã‚ ® Iridium based device has a longer persistence  Ã‚ ® Stability of these electrodes BIO-COMPATIBILTY RESULTS: There is no progressive change in retinal appearance that may be associated with retinal toxicity. But there is loss of photoreceptive layer over the region of implant, which is expected due to deprival of oxygen and nutrients to those cells underlying the chip. Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset (MARC): The other revolutionary bio electronic eye is the MARC , this uses a ccd camera input and a laser beam or rf to transmit the image into the chip present in the retina using this a resolution of 100 pixels is achieved by using a 1010 array. It consists of a platinum or rubber silicon electrode array placed inside the eye to stimulate the cells. THE MARC SYSTEM BLOCK: Outside Eye: The video input to the marc system block is given through a CCD camera. This image is further processed using a PDA sized image processor to transmit it , we do pulse width modulation in first stage and then ASK modulation is done. This signal is further amplified using a class E power amplifier and transmitted using RF telemetry coils. Inside Eye: The signal received from the RF telemetry coils is power recovered and then these signal is ASK demodulated and the data and clock is recovered from this signals and these signal are sent to the configuration and control block of the chip which from its input decode what information has to be sent to each of the electrodes and sends them this data. And the electrodes in turn stimulate the cells in the eye so as to send this stimulation to the brain through optic nerve and help brain in visualizing the image and while this process is going on the status of each electrode is sent to the marc diagnostics chip outside the eye Block Diagram Of Image Acquisition System: The image acquisition system consists of a CMOS digital camera which acquires images and sends it to the Analog to Digital Converter. It converts this analog input to digital data. This data is first sent into a video buffer where it is processed, the images are color mapped and this processed images are sent through RS232 interface. this serial data is then sent to the electrodes or testing monitor through a RF circuit or laser beam. Marc Hermetic Sealing And Positioning: The RF coils either intra ocular or extra ocular coil arrangement as shown in figure. This rf probes receives the transmitted RF energy and give it to the MARC chip. The AC wires from this coil is sent to the MARC chip. This chip is hermetically sealed in silicone gel and the other sides of the chips have the electrodes, which stimulate the cells in eye. Advantage of the Marc system: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compact Size 66 mm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diagnostic Capability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduction of stress upon retina Conclusion: Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve peoples lives with artificial, bionic devices. Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted cardiac pacemaker. Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve peoples lives with artificial, bionic devices. Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts. Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses. Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the brains control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical engineering. But what ever be the pro and cons of this system. If this system is fully developed it will change the lives of millions of people around the world. We may not restore the vision fully, but we can help them to least be able to find their way, recognize faces, read books, above all lead an independent life.

Overcoming Bullying: King Essay Response Essay

​Bullying is a common problem effecting people ever. You can be bullied on any number of things; sexuality, style, opinion, and personality, just to name a few. Everyone deals with bullying in their own way. Some choose to ignore bullying and some choose to confront their bully head on. There are also some people who tell someone older and more experienced about their problems. Some of these methods are the right things to do, while others are not the advisable choice. I believe that everyone can come up with a suitable solution to this problem that benefits everyone involved. ​The easiest solution to this problem is to ignore the bully and hope that eventually the bully will grow bored and stop. This is not a very effective method for two fairly obvious reasons; one being that the bully may just come up with even more hurtful things to bombard you with, and the other being that if the bully chooses to leave you alone, he/she will just find a new victim to taunt, which doesn’t really solve any problems. ​The next best thing to do would be to inform an adult of what is going on and hope that they will be able to put a stop to hit. This is also not the most advisable method to stopping a bully because it will just anger the bully further. They will resent you for getting them into trouble. They might decide not to attack you in the sight of an adult but the bullying will grow worse when the two of you are alone. That doesn’t solve any problems and can in fact make things a lot worse. There is also a chance that the bully may bring some of their friends into the mix, so if caught him/her are not the one that stands accused of being a bully. ​The smartest action to take when putting a stop to bullying would be to confront the bully face to face. I’m not advising that anyone should fight because all violence does is cause problems. When being bullied I find that is best to discuss any issues with the bully so that matters can be straightened out and leave ever y party satisfied with the outcome. In some situations the bully may not realize that their actions are causing hurt feelings. When you confront the bully on these issues you show them how they are being hurtful so in the future they know not to say these things again. In other situations you may find that the bully is also being bullied by someone else and that in bullying you they are making themselves feel better about their situations. In  confronting them you discover this and that might prompt you to extend the hand of friendship, which would no doubt offer them moral support throughout their own difficult situation. ​Other people may feel like dealing with bullying in their own way. Some people find it easier to ignore the problem and hope that it goes away and others may think that bringing and adult into the situation will help solve the problem. Not every case of bullying is the same and not every method may be appropriate when dealing with certain cases of bullying. I believe that discussing your problems with the bully is the best solution and I try to do just that when I feel s though I am being picked on. Discussing a problem produces a solution beneficial to everyone and it is the step I recommend for anyone who is dealing with a bully. I hope that everyone will make this decision when confronting a bully, because it is the best way put an end to bullying. If everyone discusses the problems they are having with someone straight away violence wouldn’t be such a big issue, and I’m not just talking about violence between teenagers but violence between nations. If issues would be cleared up straight away there would be no need for violence and everyone could just get along. I believe that one day, if everyone discusses their problems and issues everyone will get along, putting an end to this unnecessary hurt. ​ ​​ ​​​​​​​​​​​